关键词： COVID-19   allogeneic   vaccine   infection   BNT162b2   mRNA-1273  

摘要： The impact of pre-graft COVID-19 vaccinations in donor or recipient as well as pre-graft infection has been studied in 157 adults having received allogeneic stem cell transplantation (Allo-SCT) for various hematological diseases during the delta/omicron waves. We showed here that pre-Allo-SCT COVID-19 vaccination and/or infection do not provide more protection in patients receiving vaccine, immunotherapy or both after transplant. COVID-19 vaccination is and remains of crucial importance after Allo-SCT, reinforcing the recommendation to start COVID-19 vaccination as soon as the third month following the transplant.

关键词： Booster vaccine   COVID-19   Omicron-adapted vaccine   SARS-CoV-2   Singapore   BNT162B2 VACCINE   UNITED-STATES   OMICRON   ADULTS   DURABILITY   PREVALENCE   PROGRAM   DISEASE  

摘要： BackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19 has been a dynamically changing virus, requiring the development of adapted vaccines. This study estimated the potential public health impact alternative vaccination strategies for COVID-19 in *** Design and MethodsThe outcomes of alternative vaccination strategies with a future adapted vaccine were estimated using a combined Markov decision tree model. The population was stratified by high- and standard-risk. Using age-specific inputs informed by local surveillance data and published sources, the model estimated health (case numbers, hospitalizations, and deaths) and economic (medical costs and productivity losses) outcomes in different age and risk *** vaccination in only the elderly and high-risk subpopulation was estimated to avert 278,614 cases 21,558 hospitalizations, 239 deaths, Singapore dollars (SGD) 277 million in direct medical costs, and SGD 684 million in indirect medical costs. These benefits increased as vaccination was expanded to other subpopulations. Increasing the booster vaccination coverage to 75% of the standard-risk population averted more deaths (3%), hospitalizations (29%), infections (145%), direct costs (90%), and indirect costs (192%) compared to the base *** vaccination strategies using an adapted booster vaccine could have substantial public health and economic impact in Singapore.

关键词： COVID-19   public health   compartmental model   stochastic  

摘要： This study aims to examine the development trend of COVID-19 in China and propose a model to assess the impacts of various prevention and control measures in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Using COVID-19 cases reported by the National Health Commission of China from January 2, 2020, to January 2, 2022, we established a Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Asymptomatic-Quarantined-Vaccinated-Hospitalized-Removed (SEIAQVHR) model to calculate the COVID-19 transmission rate and Rt effective reproduction number, and assess prevention and control measures. Additionally, we built a stochastic model to explore the development of the COVID-19 epidemic. We modeled the incidence trends in five outbreaks between 2020 and 2022. Some important features of the COVID-19 epidemic are mirrored in the estimates based on our SEIAQVHR model. Our model indicates that an infected index case entering the community has a 50%-60% chance to cause a COVID-19 outbreak. Wearing masks and getting vaccinated were the most effective measures among all the prevention and control measures. Specifically targeting asymptomatic individuals had no significant impact on the spread of COVID-19. By adjusting prevention and control parameters, we suggest that increasing the rates of effective vaccination and mask-wearing can significantly reduce COVID-19 cases in China. Our stochastic model analysis provides a useful tool for understanding the COVID-19 epidemic in China.

关键词： Abortion   Covid-19 pandemic   social justice   women right's  

摘要： Women's sexual and reproductive health plays an important role in fulfilling human rights. Even during Covid-19 pandemic, it is important to fulfill sexual and reproductive health rights. However, many human rights violations occur among minority groups, especially women in cases of abortion. During pandemic, based on data The National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN) of Indonesia, there has been a decrease by 40% in contraceptive use and an increase in unwanted pregnancies by 15-30%. The number of unwanted pregnancies will increase and make abortion an option for every woman. Social restrictions in Covid-19 situation create challenges and vulnerabilities for women, which has had a significant impact from the pandemic in fulfilling social justice. This article aims to analysis how abortion during Covid-19 is handled based on a human rights approach and how Indonesia as a state to fulfills its responsibilities in overcoming the problem of abortion during Covid-19. The research method used qualitative study by combining doctrinal legal research and empirical legal research. It was concluded that the rise in abortion cases during the Covid-19 pandemic shows that the state has not been able to fulfill the state's responsibility to fulfill, to respect and to protect human rights, especially women's sexual and reproductive health rights.

关键词： Side (adverse) effect   COVID-19   vaccine hesitancy   mixed vaccine   single vaccine   communicable diseases   infectious disease   RESPONSES   BOOST   DNA  

摘要： Background: The safety, side effects and efficacy profile of COVID-19 vaccines remain subjects of ongoing concern among the public in Malaysia. The aim of this study was to determine the types of adverse effects following immunisation with COVID-19 vaccines and the differences based on various types of COVID-19 vaccines to raise public awareness and reduce vaccine hesitancy among the public. Methods: A total of 901 Malaysian adults (>= 18 years) who received various COVID-19 vaccines were selected to participate in our cross-sectional study through an online survey between December 2021 and January 2022. Results: A total of 814 (90.3%) of the participants reported >= 1 side effect following COVID-19 immunisation. Of these, the predominant symptoms were swelling at the injection site (n = 752, 83.5%), headache (n = 638, 70.8%), pain or soreness at the injection site (n = 628, 69.7%), fatigue or tiredness (n = 544, 60.4%), muscle weakness (n = 529, 58.7%) and diarrhea (n = 451, 50.1%). Recipients of the Pfizer-BioNTech (Comirnaty (R)) vaccine reported the highest number of adverse effects (n = 355, 43.6%), followed by mixed COVID-19 vaccines (n = 254, 31.2%), the Oxford-AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1-(R)[recombinant]) vaccine (n = 113, 13.9%) and the Sinovac (CoronaVac (R)) vaccine (n = 90, 11.1%). The study showed that individuals who reported significantly more side effects were of elderly age, female gender and high educational level [P value < 0.05]. Mixed COVID-19 vaccine recipients also reported significantly more local and systemic symptoms after the first dose and third dose when compared with other single vaccine recipients. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the types of self-reported adverse effects following immunisation with single and mixed COVID-19 vaccines. These findings may provide the side effects of different COVID-19 vaccines with the hope of educating the public on the safety profiles of these vaccines and reducing vaccine hesitancy among the public.

关键词： COVID-19   SARS-CoV-2   T-Lymphocytes   CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes   immunopathology   viral infection   T-cell response   MEMORY  

摘要： This review gives an overview of the protective role of CD8(+) T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The cross-reactive responses intermediated by CD8(+) T cells in unexposed cohorts are described. Additionally, the relevance of resident CD8(+) T cells in the upper and lower airway during infection and CD8(+) T-cell responses following vaccination are discussed, including recent worrisome breakthrough infections and variants of concerns (VOCs). Lastly, we explain the correlation between CD8(+) T cells and COVID-19 severity. This review aids in a deeper comprehension of the association between CD8(+) T cells and SARS-CoV-2 and broadens a vision for future exploration.

关键词： mRNA vaccine   SARS-CoV-2   lipid nanoparticle   particle size   stability   biological activity   STORAGE   SIRNA   DELIVERY   PROTECTS  

摘要： Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) technology has been rapidly applied for the development of the COVID-19 vaccine. However, naked mRNA itself is inherently unstable. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) protect mRNAs from extracellular ribonucleases and facilitate mRNA trafficking. For mRNA vaccines, antigen-presenting cells utilize LNPs through uptake to elicit antigen-specific immunity. There are reports on the impact of various physical characteristics of LNPs, particularly those with sizes less than 200 nm, especially 50 to 150 nm, on the overall stability and protective efficacy of mRNA vaccines. To address this, a single change in the size of LNPs using the same mRNA stock solution was assessed for the physicochemical characterization of the resulting mRNA-LNPs vaccine, along with the evaluation of their protective efficacy. Particles of smaller sizes generally disperse more effectively in solutions, with minimized occurrence of particle precipitation and aggregation. Here, we demonstrate that the vaccine containing 80-100 nm mRNA-LNPs showed the best stability and protection at 4 degrees C and -20 degrees C. Furthermore, we can conclude that freezing the vaccine at -20 degrees C is more appropriate for maintaining stability over the long term. This effort is poised to provide a scientific basis for improving the quality of ongoing mRNA vaccine endeavors and providing information on the development of novel products. [GRAPHICS] .

关键词： Health policies   non-pharmaceutical interventions   COVID-19   evaluation   realism  

摘要： A recent report by the Royal Society examined the literature on the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) aimed at reducing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic. It emphatically concluded that they were 'effective', which we argue may be misleading to policymakers. This paper performs a critical analysis of the Royal Society report and explains what a proper evaluation of NPIs would mean, arguing that theory-based evaluations are required to approach complex issues and nurture democratic debates on societal choices. We argue that, first, testing the relationship between NPI interventions and their effectiveness in reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission over a bounded period (a single outcome) is irrelevant for policymaking, because several criteria must be balanced to evaluate any intervention, including efficiency, equity, acceptability, long-term impacts, and sustainability. Second, ignoring the disruptive and unintended effects of NPIs leads to wrong conclusions regarding their overall value. Third, we question the mere objective of NPIs, that is, reducing viral transmission. Finally, we question the methodology used by the Royal Society Report regarding the literature selection and quality. To conclude, we argue that the Royal Society report is not only irrelevant and weak from a methodological point of view but also dangerously misleading in terms of policymaking. Four years after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is high time for researchers, journals, and policymakers to stop debating over NPIs' mere effectiveness against a parameter that requires a PCR test to determine, but engage in public health-based evaluations that weigh all criteria of interest.

关键词： Service quality   the COVID-19 pandemic   halal ethnic restaurant   satisfaction   loyalty   PHYSICAL-ENVIRONMENT   SATISFACTION   IMAGE   PERCEPTION   FOOD   CONSEQUENCES   STRATEGIES   SAFETY   IMPACT   MODEL  

摘要： This present study examined which service quality factors and the COVID-19 were related to overall satisfaction. Moreover, it explored whether customers' satisfaction increased their loyalty toward halal ethnic restaurants. This study examined which service-quality factors were related to overall satisfaction. Moreover, it explored whether customers' satisfaction increased their loyalty toward halal ethnic restaurants during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data were collected from a total of 227 respondents. The results show that the dimensions of service quality consist of five factors, namely, COVID-19 safety, employee service, ambience, cleanliness, and food quality. Cleanliness and food quality positively influence overall satisfaction. One factor, obligatory safety (COVID-19 safety), however, has a negative effect on overall satisfaction. Furthermore, employee service and ambience does not show a statistically significant effect on overall satisfaction. Finally, overall satisfaction positively influences loyalty. The results also reveal the following: customers might prefer voluntary participation in strict regulations for reducing the transmission of COVID-19 at restaurants; cleaning tables and checking clean dishes should be regularly enforced during restaurant operations; food quality was an important component; for small ethnic restaurants with limited financial investment in digitalization, improving food quality could be a key factor for increasing their positive evaluations and their customers' loyalty. The results provide empirical evidence that expands the literature on halal ethnic restaurants.

关键词： Qualitative research   COVID-19   family   intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD)   Experiencies  

摘要： BackgroundThe global COVID-19 pandemic has shown the vulnerability of some population groups, including persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD).AimThe present paper will provide more clarity and understanding of the experiences of family members of persons with IDD housed in residential facilities in Catalonia within the period of maximum restrictions during the COVID-19 *** and proceduresSemi-structured interviews were conducted using an interpretive phenomenological qualitative approach. Study participants consisted of 14 relatives of IDD individuals who were institutionalized in residence facilities or homes. The guiding questions emerged from group discussions with relatives of those with IDD who did not participate in the subsequent interviews. Drawing from this group, the factors that were identified to have had the greatest impact on their lives were later used to guide the interviews. Data collection was carried out in face-to-face individual interviews that were recorded together with the observations of two researchers between February and October *** analysis identified 4 main themes that developed into additional factors: the decision to stay at home or in the residence, fear, illness, and protocol. Individuals with IDD lost their daily routines, suffered from social isolation, and did not understand the *** results of this study allow for a better understanding of the experiences of families of persons with IDD in residential centres during the lockdown by identifying their needs and how to better support them in the *** and resultsKnowledge and understanding of these events should allow for better management of similar situations in the future. This study contributes to a growing body of research that examines the experiences of IDD individuals and their families during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative phenomenological interpretative approach was use