摘要： Our manuscript managed to hyphenate the novelty and sustainability in one method. A novel combination of molnupiravir (MNP) and nirmatrelvir (NTV) was found to be a potential symbiotic therapy against SARS-CoV-2. Yet, there is no analytical method published for either determination or stability investigation of this combination simultaneously. So, the proposed HPLC technique focused on determination of MNP and NTV in presence of their degradation products. The sustainability was achieved in our method by using chemometrics tools to quantify NTV in presence of its co-eluted degradation product (NTV-D) without excessive time and solvent usage for separation (run time 5 min.). Moreover, the linearity parameters of both MNP and NTV, including correlation coefficient, LOD and LOQ, have been enhanced significantly after chemometrics treatment through convolution of the resultant derivative curves using trigonometric Fourier function. For example, LOQ of MNP decreased from 3.53 to 0.31 µg/mL and for NTV, LOQ decreased from 4.98 to 2.10 µg/mL after chemometrics treatment. The stability results of the proposed method indicates that no interaction or change in stability behavior of both drugs when co-administered with each other. Thus, this can be used as an empirical basis to initiate clinical trials of this combination for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Additionally, in order to determine the impact of chemometric methods in minimizing analysis time and reducing solvent, energy, and waste consumption, our chemometric methodology is evaluated in terms of greenness and blueness (dichromic assessment) using AGREE and BAGI, respectively. Besides, the method sustainability using Hexagon was evaluated.

关键词： Reactive chlorine   Ozone   Particulate matter   Atmospheric oxidation capacity   COVID-19   SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL   ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS   INITIATED OXIDATION   HYDROXYL RADICALS   HYDROGEN-CHLORIDE   RATE CONSTANTS   CL ATOM   CHEMISTRY   OZONE   MODEL  

摘要： Chlorine radicals (Cl) play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry. The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic significantly increased the use of chlorine-containing disinfectants in China, leading to enhanced emissions of chlorine gas (Cl-2) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl). In this study, we use the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with updated chlorine chemistry to evaluate the potential air quality impact of chlorine emissions from disinfectant usage during February 2020, a month with a large outbreak of COVID-19 in mainland China. Results indicate that during the pandemic, there was a sharp increase of reactive chlorine emissions, with Cl-2 and HOCl emissions reaching 773.9 t and 5913.1 t, making 3 times increase. The emissions of chlorine enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) through the oxidation of VOC by Cl and OH, with the average enhancement in Shanghai, Beijing and Wuhan areas reaching 4.6% +/- 1.8%, 10.3% +/- 6.6% and 7.4% +/- 4.6%, respectively. Consequently, the use of chlorine-containing disinfectants may have contributed to observed increases in the monthly average of the maximum daily 8-h average ozone (MDA8 O-3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations by up to 1.5 ppbv (5%) and 1.7 mu g/m(3) (1%), respectively. Especially, the maximum hourly increase values of O-3 and PM2.5 concentrations were 4.8 ppbv and 11.4 mu g/m(3), 2.5 ppbv and 4.5 mu g/m(3) in Beijing and Wuhan, respectively. These results indicate that chlorine emissions from the widespread use of disinfectants have had a significant impact on air quality in certain regions (Beijing and Wuhan) and during specific periods (9:00 similar to 12:00).

关键词： Clinical trials   Long COVID   Patient-led research   Post-acute sequelae of COVID  

摘要： Long COVID is a debilitating, multisystemic illness following a SARS-CoV-2 infection whose duration may be indefinite. Over four years into the pandemic, little knowledge has been generated from clinical trials. We analyzed the information available on ***, and found that the rigor and focus of trials vary widely, and that the majority test non-pharmacological interventions with insufficient evidence. We highlight promising trials underway, and encourage the proliferation of clinical trials for treating Long COVID and other infectionassociated chronic conditions and illnesses (IACCIs). We recommend several guidelines for Long COVID trials: First, pharmaceutical trials with potentially curative, primary interventions should be prioritized, and both drug repurposing and new drug development should be pursued. Second, study designs should be both rigorous and accessible, e.g., triple-blinded randomized trials that can be conducted remotely, without participants needing to leave their homes. Third, studies should have multiple illness comparator cohorts for IACCIs such as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME/CFS) and dysautonomia, and screen for the full spectrum of symptomatology and pathologies of these illnesses. Fourth, studies should consider inclusion/exclusion criteria with an eye towards equity and breadth of representation, including participants of all races, ethnicities, and genders most impacted by COVID-19, and including all levels of illness severity. Fifth, involving patient-researchers in all aspects of studies brings immensely valuable perspectives that will increase the impact of trials. We also encourage the development of efficient clinical trial designs including methods to study several therapies in parallel.

关键词： COVID-19   Antiviral drugs   Transport   Quartz sand   pH   Ion composition  

摘要： Antiviral drugs have garnered considerable attention, particularly in the global battle against the COVID-19 pandemic, amid heightened concerns regarding environmentally acquired antiviral resistance. A comprehensive understanding of their transport in subsurface environments is imperative for accurately predicting their environmental fate and risks. This study investigated the mobility and retention characteristics of six COVID-19 antiviral drugs in saturated quartz sand columns. Results showed that the mobility of the drugs was primarily contingent on their hydrophobicity, with ribavirin and favipiravir exhibiting the highest transportability, while arbidol displaying the greatest retention. The transport characteristics of ribavirin and favipiravir remained largely unaffected by pH, whereas the retention of the other four antivirals remained consistently minimal under alkaline conditions. Elevating ionic strength marginally facilitated the transport of these antivirals, while the presence of Ca 2+ notably enhanced their retention in quartz sand compared to Na + . Ribavirin and remdesivir warrant particular attention due to their relatively high transportability and propensity for environmentally acquired antiviral resistance. These findings contribute to an enhanced understanding of the leachate potential and transport of COVID-19-related antivirals in sandy porous media, furnishing fundamental data for predicting their environmental fate and associated risks.

关键词： Research data   Scientific literature   Natural language processing   Topic modeling   COVID-19   Time series  

摘要： The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the research agendas of most scientific communities, resulting in an overwhelming production of research articles in a variety of domains, including medicine, virology, epidemiology, economy, psychology, and so on. Several open-access corpora and literature hubs were established; among them, the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19) has systematically gathered scientific contributions for 2.5 years, by collecting and indexing over one million articles-this corpus, however, does not provide an easy-to-access overview of its content. Here, we present the CORD-19 Topic Visualizer (CORToViz), a method and associated visualization tool for inspecting the CORD-19 textual corpus of scientific abstracts. Our method is based upon a careful selection of up-to-date technologies (including large language models), resulting in an architecture for clustering articles along orthogonal dimensions and extraction techniques for temporal topic mining. Topic inspection is supported by an interactive dashboard, providing fast, one-click visualization of topic contents as word clouds and topic trends as time series, equipped with easy-to-drive statistical testing for analyzing the significance of topic emergence along arbitrarily selected time windows. Overall, our pipeline is very fast and its results match our expectations on topic identification (F1-score 0.854). The processes of data preparation and results visualization are completely general and virtually applicable to any corpus of textual documents-thus suited for effective adaptation to other contexts.

关键词： Area Studies   Environment and Sustainability   Politics & International Relations   MathML   Short Alt Text   UK - Politics  

ISBN: (纸本)9781032624839

摘要： This book discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine on the European Union’s climate and energy policy. By examining the positions of the various actors involved, the book analyses whether the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine has contributed to greater unity, decarbonisation, and security of energy supply, and if not, whether these crises prompted member states to turn inwards and opt for national solutions to climate and energy challenges. It thus provides a new outlook for EU energy policy in relation to the experience of the two crises. This book will be of key interest to scholars, students and practitioners of climate and energy policy, energy security, EU policy, and more broadly to energy politics, European integration and European Union governance.

关键词： keyword  

ISBN: (纸本)9781003427933

摘要： Corruption often flourishes in times of uncertainty and crisis. When institutions and oversight are weak, and public trust low, corruption can thrive and undermine how societies respond to the crisis. Covid-19 brought this issue into sharp focus, and this book uncovers some of the problems experienced across the globe and, crucially, explains how organizations and countries can strengthen their anti-corruption systems to prevent problems in the future. The book has been created by the members of the United Nations Principles for Responsible Management Education group on anti-corruption and brings together top international experts to consolidate the lessons from the Covid-19 crisis in order to improve transparency, integrity, trust, and governance in the future. Cybersecurity and cybercrime related to the pandemic are a particular focus. These factors are essential to social and economic order. Practice-oriented, each chapter offers examples of methods, approaches, tools, and cases which can be used for anti-corruption teaching, policy, and corporate initiatives. With insights and cases from right across the globe, the book will be of interest to NGOs, policymakers, organizational leaders, students, and researchers looking to foster accountability, integrity, and transparency across organizations in times of crisis.

关键词： MOLECULAR INVERSION PROBES   METAANALYSIS   FOLDX   TOOLS  

摘要： Despite extensive global research into genetic predisposition for severe COVID-19, knowledge on the role of rare host genetic variants and their relation to other risk factors remains limited. Here, 52 genes with prior etiological evidence were sequenced in 1,772 severe COVID-19 cases and 5,347 population-based controls from Spain/Italy. Rare deleterious TLR7 variants were present in 2.4% of young (<60 years) cases with no reported clinical risk factors (n = 378), compared to 0.24% of controls (odds ratio [OR] = 12.3, p = 1.27 x 10(-10)). Incorporation of the results of either functional assays or protein modeling led to a pronounced increase in effect size (ORmax = 46.5, p = 1.74 x 10(-15)). Association signals for the X-chromosomal gene TLR7 were also detected in the female-only subgroup, suggesting the existence of additional mechanisms beyond X-linked recessive inheritance in males. Additionally, supporting evidence was generated for a contribution to severe COVID-19 of the previously implicated genes IFNAR2, IFIH1, and TBK1. Our results refine the genetic contribution of rare TLR7 variants to severe COVID-19 and strengthen evidence for the etiological relevance of genes in the interferon signaling pathway.

关键词： Urbanization   Basic sanitation   SARS-CoV-2   Temperature   Wind direction   SPREAD   WIND  

摘要： Despite the implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions, the threat of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) remains significant on a global scale. Identifying external factors contributing to its spread is crucial, especially given the World Health Organization's recommendation emphasizing access to water, sanitation, and hygiene as essential in curbing COVID-19. There is a notable discrepancy in access to sanitation facilities, particularly evident in low- and middle-income countries. However, there is a lack of quantitative assessments regarding these factors. This study examines various environmental, socioeconomic, water, sanitation, and hygiene factors and their associations with COVID-19 incidence. All regions in the Philippines were categorized into clusters based on socioeconomic factors. A conceptual structural equation model (SEM) was developed using domain knowledge. The best-fitting SEM for each cluster was determined, and associations between factors and COVID-19 incidence were estimated. The correlation analysis revealed that rainfall, minimum temperature, and relative humidity were positively correlated with weekly COVID-19 incidence in urban regions. Maximum temperature, mean temperature, wind speed, and wind direction were negatively correlated with weekly COVID-19 incidence in rural regions, with time lags of 0, 3, and 7 weeks. In urban regions (Cluster 1), factors such as urbanization rate (1.00), area (-0.93), and population (0.54) were found to be associated with weekly COVID-19 incidence. Conversely, in rural regions (Cluster 2), factors including area (0.17), basic sanitation (0.84), and wind direction (0.83) showed associations with weekly COVID-19 incidence. These factors were causally associated with a latent variable reflecting the hidden confounders associated with COVID-19 incidence. It is important to note that sanitation factors were associated only in rural regions. Improving access to sanitation facilities in rural regions of th

关键词： COVID-19   Influenza   Normalization   Norovirus   SARS-CoV-2   Wastewater -based epidemiology   VIRUSES  

摘要： Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a critical tool for monitoring community health. Although much attention has focused on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), other pathogens also pose significant health risks. This study quantified the presence of SARS-CoV-2, influenza A virus (Inf-A), and noroviruses of genogroups I (NoV-GI) and II (NoV-GII) in wastewater samples collected weekly ( n = 170) from July 2023 to February 2024 from five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan, by quantitative PCR. Inf-A RNA exhibited localized prevalence with positive ratios of 59 % -82 % in different WWTPs, suggesting regional outbreaks within specific areas. NoV-GI (94 %, 160/170) and NoV-GII (100 %, 170/170) RNA were highly prevalent, with NoV-GII (6.1 +/- 0.8 log 10 copies/L) consistently exceeding NoV-GI (5.4 +/- 0.7 log 10 copies/L) RNA concentrations. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 100 % of the samples, with mean concentrations of 5.3 +/- 0.5 log 10 copies/L in WWTP E and 5.8 +/- 0.4 log 10 copies/L each in other WWTPs. Seasonal variability was evident, with higher concentrations of all pathogenic viruses during winter. Non-normalized and normalized virus concentrations by fecal indicator bacteria ( Escherichia coli and total coliforms), an indicator virus (pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV)), and turbidity revealed significant positive associations with the reported disease cases. Inf-A and NoV-GI + GII RNA concentrations showed strong correlations with influenza and acute gastroenteritis cases, particularly when normalized to E. coli (Spearman's rho = 0.70 -0.81) and total coliforms ( rho = 0.70 -0.81), respectively. For SARSCoV-2, non-normalized concentrations showed a correlation of 0.61, decreasing to 0.31 when normalized to PMMoV, suggesting that PMMoV is unsuitable. Turbidity normalization also yielded suboptimal results. This study underscored the importance o