关键词： Customer concentration   supply chain structure   COVID-19   supply chain resilience   abnormal operating performance   SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE   BASE CONCENTRATION   POWER   PROFITABILITY   MANAGEMENT   DEPENDENCE   RISK   CONSEQUENCES   EMBEDDEDNESS   FRAMEWORK  

摘要： This study investigated the effect of a supplier's customer concentration level on its operating performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a large sample of publicly listed U.S. manufacturing firms, we measured abnormal changes in operating performance of the sample firms across two distinct stages of the pandemic: the disruption phase ( $ N = 2,557 $ N=2,557) and the recovery phase ( $ N = 2,454 $ N=2,454). Our regression results show that the effect of customer concentration varied depending on the phase of the pandemic. Suppliers with a concentrated customer base performed worse during the first year of the pandemic when the global supply chain experienced significant disruptions. During this disruption, firms with lower degrees of customer concentration managed their supply chain risks more effectively, resulting in higher operating performance than their benchmark firms. However, when firms entered the recovery phase, we found that a firm's concentration level had the opposite effect on its operating performance. During the recovery phase, firms with concentrated customer bases could coordinate and collaborate more effectively with major customers, leading to improved operating performance. Based on our findings, we discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of managing the supply chain structure during its disruption and recovery.

摘要： AbstractBackgroundCardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) refers to the capacity of the cardiovascular and respiratory system to process oxygen. CRF is associated with depressive symptoms and findings suggest that CRF decreased significantly in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, purchase of prescribed antidepressants before and after the pandemic lockdown by CRF level in older adults has not yet been described. MethodsThis longitudinal study included 1221 community-dwelling older adults ≥70 years old participating in the Norwegian HUNT4 Trondheim 70+ study (2018–2019). Data on estimated CRF (eCRF) were linked to the Norwegian Prescribed Drug Registry and utilized defined daily doses (DDDs) of antidepressants from January 2019 throughout December 2021. Paired t-tests were performed to assess changes in DDDs before and after the Norwegian COVID-19 lockdown in March 2020. ResultsParticipants had a mean ( M) and standard deviation ( SD) age of 76.5 (5.2) years, 53.6% were women. In the total sample, the results showed a significant rise in purchase of antidepressants from before ( M = 1.25, SD = 7.17) compared to after the lockdown ( M = 1.52, SD = 7.86); t (1220) = −2.47, p = 0.014). The number of participants purchasing antidepressants also increased in the total sample and within each of the eCRF groups. In the different eCRF groups, only individuals in the highest eCRF tertile showed a significant higher purchase of antidepressants after the lockdown ( M = 1.44, SD = 6.65); t (413) = −2.63, p = 0.009) compared to the year before ( M = 0.99, SD = 5.21). ConclusionsCompared to before the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, the utilization of antidepressants increased in community-dwelling older adults, with the steepest increase observed among those with the highest eCRF levels.

摘要： Background People with mental health conditions were potentially more vulnerable than others to the neuropsychiatric effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the global efforts taken to contain it. The aim of this multinational study was to examine the changes in psychotropic drug prescribing during the pandemic among people with depressive and anxiety disorders. Methods This study included electronic medical records and claims data from nine databases in six countries (France, Germany, Italy, the UK, South Korea, and the USA) of patients with a diagnosis of depressive or anxiety disorders between 2016 and 2021. The outcomes were monthly prevalence rates of antidepressant, antipsychotic, and anxiolytic drug prescribing. The associations between the pandemic and psychotropic drug prescribing were examined with interrupted time series analyses for the total sample and stratified by sex and age group. People with lived experience were not involved in the research and writing process. Findings Between Jan 1, 2016 and Dec 31, 2020, an average of 16 567 914 patients with depressive disorders (10 820 956 females [65·31%] and 5 746 958 males [34·69%]) and 15 988 451 patients with anxiety disorders (10 688 788 females [66·85%] and 5 299 663 males [33·15%]) were identified annually. Most patients with depressive disorders and anxiety disorders were aged 45–64 years. Ethnicity data were not available. Two distinct trends in prescribing rates were identified. The first pattern shows an initial surge at the start of the pandemic (eg, antipsychotics among patients with depressive disorders in MDCD_US (rate ratio [RR] 1·077, 95% CI 1·055–1·100), followed by a gradual decline towards the counterfactual level (RR 0·990, 95% CI 0·988–0·992). The second pattern, observed in four databases for anxiolytics among patients with depressive disorders and two for antipsychotics among patients with anxiety disorders, shows an immediate increase (eg, antipsychotics among patients with anxiety diso