关键词： Long COVID   Infection route   SARS-CoV-2   Histopathology   Neuro-invasion   RESTRAINT STRESS   LIQUID   MICE  

摘要： Intranasal infection is commonly used to establish a SARS-CoV-2 mouse model due to its non-invasive procedures and a minimal effect from the operation itself. However, mice intranasally infected with SARS-CoV-2 have a high mortality rate, which limits the utility of this model for exploring therapeutic strategies and the sequelae of nonfatal COVID-19 cases. To resolve these limitations, an aerosolised viral administration method has been suggested. However, an in-depth pathological analysis comparing the two models is lacking. Here, we show that inhalation and intranasal SARS-CoV-2 (106 PFU) infection models established in K18-hACE2 mice develop unique pathological features in both the respiratory and central nervous systems, which could be directly attributed to the infection method. While the inhalation-infection model exhibited relatively milder pathological parameters, it closely mimicked the prevalent chest CT pattern observed in COVID-19 patients with focal, peripheral lesions and fibrotic scarring in the recuperating lung. We also found the evidence of direct neuroninvasion from the olfactory receptor neurons to the olfactory bulb in the intranasal model and showed the trigeminal nerve as an alternative route of transmission to the brain in inhalation infected mice. Even after viral clearance confirmed at 14 days post-infection, mild lesions were still found in the brain of inhalation-infected mice. These findings suggest that the inhalation-infection model has advantages over the intranasal-infection model in closely mimicking the pathological features of non-fatal symptoms of COVID-19, demonstrating its potential to study the sequelae and possible interventions for long COVID.

关键词： Family business   Coping strategy   Financial aid   Central Asia   Southeast Asia   COVID-19  

摘要： The COVID-19 pandemic has heavily affected economic activities. In emerging Asia, where small family businesses play central roles in their economies, previous studies found that the sector was particularly hard hit by the pandemic. However, little is known about how households have mitigated the negative shocks on their family business during the pandemic. Using datasets from representative household surveys in seventeen Asian countries from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) regions, this study investigates the role of business coping strategies and government financial aid in mitigating the adverse impacts of the pandemic on family business conditions in the short run. We find that (i) adoption of coping strategy is associated with a lower probability of both a decline in family business income and family business closure; and (ii) government financial aid is associated with a lower probability of a decline in family business income and a higher probability of adopting coping strategies. This study is one of the first to provide empirical evidence on mitigation mechanisms of family business in emerging Asia. This is important to understand what policies will enable the family business sector to perform better during the future pandemics and other economic crises.

关键词： COVID-19   Acute respiratory distress syndrome   Pulmonary fibrosis   Lung transplant   Meta-analysis   EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE-OXYGENATION   QUALITY  

摘要： Objectives: To synthesize the clinical experience of patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or pulmonary fibrosis (PF) receiving lung transplantation (LTx) and compare the characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 LTx patients. Methods: A literature search of online databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, China Science and Technology Journal Database, and Wan Fang databases) was performed regarding LTx for COVID-19-associated ARDS or PF. This study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD2024507647). Results: Eight eligible studies were included with 478 COVID-19 LTx patients and 163 non-COVID-19 LTx patients. In COVID-19 LTx patients, the pooled hospital mortality and follow-up survival rate was 0.00% (95% CI 0.00-0.03) and 87.40% (95% CI 0.76-0.96). Compared to non-COVID-19 LTx patients, COVID-19 LTx patients were associated with significantly higher rate of primary graft dysfunction (odds ratio [OR] 8.72, 95% CI 3.54-21.47, P < 0.001) but significantly higher follow-up survival rate (OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.02-6.01, P = 0.04), within an overall similar follow-up period. Conclusions: For patients with COVID-19-associated ARDS or PF, LTx offers acceptable short-term outcomes and is suggested as a viable lifesaving treatment. (c) 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://***/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )

关键词： Transnationality   pandemic   care   transformation   Covid   gender   PERSPECTIVES  

摘要： The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated existing inequalities in care between mobile and immobile populations. It has highlighted the precarious situation of many migranticized individuals and their families worldwide, but it has also brought their situation into the public eye, providing opportunities for advances in social science understanding and policy reform. This Special Issue explores the interplay between transnational care arrangements, cross-border movement and mobility, and the production of social inequality in the post-COVID-19 world. The collected articles provide a comprehensive picture from different countries and fields, revealing three interrelated processes that reflect the complex dynamics during the pandemic: (1) the interruption of transnational care arrangements; (2) the reorganization of these arrangements; and (3) coping strategies to adapt to (post)pandemic immobilizations, restrictions, and modified patterns of care. In sum, this issue aims to contribute to the advancement of social science understanding and to benefit vulnerable populations.

关键词： COVID-19   Favipiravir   Electrochemical favipiravir sensor   Potentiometry   ELECTRODE   CONSTRUCTION   COPPER(II)   SENSOR   IONS  

摘要： In this study, a novel all-solid-state electrochemical sensor based on favipiravir-tetraphenylborate (FAV-TPB) electroactive material was developed and reported for FAV's highly selective and sensitive potentiometric determination in COVID-19 antiviral drug formulations. All-solid-state FAV selective sensor was fabricated by mixing and properly pressing FAV-TPB, graphite (G), multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), and paraffin oil (PO). In order to obtain the best sensor response, the sensor component ratios were optimized. The most satisfying response characteristics was obtained with the sensor composition FAV-TPB:G:MWCNT:PO in the ratio 32.5:42.5:5:20 (w/w %). The developed sensor displayed a wide linear near-Nernstian response to FAV over the concentration of 1.0 x 10-6 - 1.0 x 10- 1 molL- 1 with a slope of 53.6 +/- 1.4 mV (R2 = 0.9997). The detection limits of the sensor was calculated as 6.0 x 10- 7molL- 1, respectively. The dynamic response time of the sensor was 7 s, and the sensor exhibited fairly reproducible potentiometric responses. In the pH range of 6.0-8.0, the sensor's potential response was not affected by the pH change of the test solutions. The improved sensor had a wide temperature tolerance, and its response remained unchanged in the 10-40 degree celsius temperature range. The interference effect of some chemical and biological species was evaluated by the matched potential method and separate solution method. The sensor worked stable for 12 weeks without any considerable change in its potential response. The analytical applications of the sensor were successfully carried out with the potentiometric titration of FAV with sodium tetraphenylborate solution and also the direct determination of favipiravir in COVID-19 antiviral drug formulations.

关键词： COVID-19   lifestyle   older adults   sleep   COMMUNITY-BASED COHORT   SLEEP DURATION   MENTAL-HEALTH   RISK-FACTORS   MORTALITY   DIET  

摘要： Amid a global aging trend, particularly notable in the U.S., there is a growing focus on achieving enhanced longevity and well-being. We evaluated the association between lifestyle factors (sleep, diet, and healthy lifestyle index) and COVID-19 infection in an older adult population in San Bernardino and Riverside counties in Southern California, the United States. A sample of 380 older adults >= 75 years old were surveyed cross-sectionally and self-reported lifestyle behaviors and COVID-19 infection. The results revealed that half the participants reported COVID-19 infection. Participants who slept less than 7 hours or more than 8 hours/night had higher odds of COVID-19 infection than those who slept 7-8 hours/night (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.55). Healthy lifestyle behaviors were significantly associated with reduced COVID-19 infection (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.92). In conclusion, adequate sleep and healthy lifestyle behaviors may be protective against COVID-19 infection among older adults and should be investigated further.

关键词： BRT crisis   Colombia   Post -pandemic   Demand for public transportation   Hybrid modeling   PUBLIC TRANSPORT   IMPACT   INSIGHTS  

摘要： The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in drastic changes in people's living habits. The lockdown, social distancing measures, and the fear of contagion severely impacted the demand for public transportation services. Due to the decline in demand during the pandemic, the financial crisis of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems in Colombia, similar to other Latin American countries, worsened. This article aims to analyze the pandemic's impact on Colombia's seven existing BRT systems by assessing users' willingness to use the service in a post-pandemic scenario. Data come from an online survey (N = 1,486) in mid-2021, which was used to estimate a hybrid model that assesses future BRT usage intention. Results confirmed that the pandemic had a profound impact on mobility behavior, with a shift away from mass public transportation such as BRT or bus and a substantial increase in the use of single transportation modes, which include cars, motorcycles, cycling, and walking. Intention to continue using BRT service after the pandemic varies between cities and people's socioeconomic characteristics (i.e. occupation, income, transportation expenditure, and private vehicle ownership). Willingness to use BRT is also influenced by latent variables, including perceptions of contagion risks, service quality before and during the pandemic, and perception of prevention measures implementation. When the virus takes a back seat, the BRT demand is not expected to reach pre-pandemic levels.

关键词： COVID-19   Measures   Social distancing   Mobility   Travel behavior   PUBLIC TRANSPORT   HOUSEHOLD TRAVEL   PREFERENCES   AUSTRALIA   PATTERNS   INSIGHTS   POLICY   SPREAD   USAGE   TIME  

摘要： The unprecedented COVID-19 outbreak has significantly influenced our daily life, and COVID-19's spread is inevitably associated with human mobility. Given the pandemic's severity and extent of spread, a timely and comprehensive synthesis of the current state of research is needed to understand the pandemic's impact on human mobility and corresponding government measures. This study examined the relevant literature published to the present (March 2023), identified research trends, and conducted a systematic review of evidence regarding transport's response to COVID-19. We identified key research agendas and synthesized the results, examining: (1) mobility changes by transport modes analyzed regardless of government policy implementation, using empirical data and survey data; (2) the effect of diverse government interventions to reduce mobility and limit COVID-19 spread, and controversial issues on travel restriction policy effects; and (3) future research issues. The findings showed a strong relationship between the pandemic and mobility, with significant impacts on decreased overall mobility, a remarkable drop in transit ridership, changes in travel behavior, and improved traffic safety. Government implemented various non-pharmaceutical countermeasures, such as city lockdowns, travel restrictions, and social distancing. Many studies showed such interventions were effective. However, some researchers reported inconsistent outcomes. This review provides urban and transport planners with valuable insights to facilitate better preparation for future health emergencies that affect transportation.

关键词： Acute retinal necrosis   COVID-19 vaccine   Herpes simplex virus   Reactivation   Immunocompromised host  

摘要： Purpose: Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a vision-threatening uveitis caused by herpesviruses reactivation, which has recently been suggested to be associated with COVID-19 infection and after vaccination against it. Case description: We present the case of a 58-year-old Japanese woman with ARN in the left eye due to herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) two days after receiving the fifth dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID19 vaccine. The patient demonstrated an ARN history in the right eye and had been treated for it. The patient was administered oral steroids and immunosuppressive drugs for mixed connective tissue disease and organizing pneumonia. The patient was treated with intravenous acyclovir and foscarnet, and a vitrectomy was performed for retinal detachment. The lesion took approximately two months to scar. Conclusion: This report suggests that patients with an ARN history might be at risk of ARN recurrence because of the reactivation of the herpes simplex virus induced by COVID-19 vaccination. (c) 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://***/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )

关键词： acute COVID-19   cortical activity   corticospinal excitability   case report  

摘要： The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an illness caused by a SARS-CoV-2 viral infection, has been associated with neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, revealing its impact beyond the respiratory system. Most related research involved individuals with post-acute or persistent symptoms of COVID-19, also referred to as long COVID or Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). In this longitudinal unique report, we aimed to describe the acute supraspinal and corticospinal changes and functional alterations induced by a COVID-19 infection using neuroimaging, neurophysiological and clinical assessment of a participant during acute infection, as compared to three other visits where the participant had no COVID-19. The results favor a multisystem impairment, impacting cortical activity, functional connectivity, and corticospinal excitability, as well as motor and cardiovascular function. The report suggests pathophysiological alteration and impairment already present at the acute stage, that if resolved tend to lead to a full clinical recovery. Such results could be also insightful into PASC symptomatology.