关键词： COVID-19   vaccination   influenza  

摘要： We evaluate the effects of vaccines in the evolution of the epidemic in Spain during 2021. To this end, we estimate the effect of vaccination in terms of reducing infections, hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and deaths. We also compare the health impact of COVID-19 with that caused by recent influenza seasons, in a scenario where all the population had been vaccinated. The positive impact of vaccination on health indicators has been extraordinary. The non-availability of vaccines would have increased COVID-19 deaths by 571% compared to observed deaths. Moreover, the relative benefit of vaccination increases with the severity of the indicator: greater for deaths and ICU admissions, less for infections and hospitalizations. Under the assumption that the entire population had been vaccinated with the COVID-19 vaccine from the first week of April, the impact of the disease in terms of hospitalizations and deaths during 2021 would have been above a low activity flu season, but in line with a moderate/high activity flu season.

关键词： COVID-19 pandemic   Chemical composition   Dust   Secondary inorganic aerosols   Source apportionment  

摘要： This study investigated the variations in summer and winter PM 2.5 concentrations and chemical composition in urban Xi'an before and during the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. During the pandemic restrictions, summer daytime PM 2.5 concentrations remained comparable to pre-pandemic levels, while a reduction was noted at nighttime. Conversely, winter experienced a significant increase in both daytime and nighttime PM 2.5 concentrations. Chemical composition analysis revealed reductions in secondary inorganic ion concentrations but notable increases in crustal matter concentrations during the pandemic restrictions, particularly evident in winter. The reductions in secondary inorganic ion concentrations were likely due to decreased emissions of corresponding anthropogenic precursors in summer, while linked to reductions in transformation efficiencies in winter. The heightened crustal matter concentrations were likely attributed to increased contributions of long-range air mass transport from dusty regions, especially prevalent in winter. Source apportionment using positive matrix factorization analysis provided quantitative insights into the distinct source profiles contributing to PM 2.5 before and during the pandemic restrictions, with secondary inorganic-rich sources decreasing and dust-related sources increasing during the pandemic restrictions. Additionally, combustion sources, primarily from coal and biomass burning, showed higher contributions during winter. In conclusion, this study underscores the complex interplay between anthropogenic and natural factors influencing PM 2.5 levels in Xi'an. Efforts to mitigate PM 2.5 pollution should prioritize reducing anthropogenic emissions and implementing measures to control dust emissions, particularly when dust-related sources significantly contribute to elevated PM 2.5 concentrations. These findings provide valuable insights into developing effective strategies for addressing the PM 2.5 pollution problem in Xi'an.

关键词： Children   COVID-19   Healthcare   Pediatric   Healthcare preference   QUALITY   VIEWS  

摘要： BackgroundMissed or delayed child healthcare caused by the COVID-19 lockdown has threatened young children's health and has had an unpredictable influence on caregivers' child healthcare preferences. This study investigated caregivers' child healthcare preferences and the factors that influence them among families with young children (0-3 years) during the lockdown in *** in this cross-sectional study were enrolled through random encounter sampling. Questionnaires were distributed online from June 1 to November 10, 2022, in Shanghai. A total of 477 valid questionnaires were received. The demographics of caregivers and their families, children's characteristics, COVID-19-related information, and caregivers' healthcare preferences were analyzed. The statistical analyses included frequency and percentage, chi-square tests, and multinomial logistic *** preferred child healthcare professionals in the community health service system (CHS; 47.6%) followed by hospital pediatricians (40.0%) during lockdown. Caregivers with the following characteristics preferred CHS: those with an annual household income of CNY 200,000-300,000, those whose youngest children were aged 8-12 months, and those who experienced early childhood physical development issues. Caregivers preferred hospitals if they had experienced healthcare-seeking-related difficulties in accessing professional guidance from hospital *** pandemic lockdowns, policymakers should allocate more resources to CHS to meet caregivers' childcare demands. Moreover, special attention should be given to the healthcare needs for CHS among families with specific *** registrationApproval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine School of Public Health (SJUPN-202,109; June 1, 2022).

关键词： Refugees   migration   cooperation   collective action   solidarity   UNDOCUMENTED MIGRANTS   HINDU NATIONALISM   MOVEMENT   IDENTITY   INDIA   CITIZENSHIP   CONFLICT   PROTEST   CAMP  

摘要： Recent scholarship on refugee assistance has begun shifting the focus from traditional humanitarian interventions to alternative forms of refugee response, undertaken through more local, informal networks. These forms of humanitarian assistance and solidarity can transcend national refugee politics, and function as an alternative form of political engagement with the issue of refugee protection. Much of this emerging literature focuses on how host communities, diaspora networks, and activist groups support refugees. However, we know very little about how solidarities are generated between different refugee groups in the same host state, which has important implications for understanding the ways in which different refugee groups organise and seek to secure their own welfare in shared displacement. This study draws on evidence from India during the COVID-19 pandemic to analyze how such intergroup cooperation in exile develops. I find, first, that refugees navigate their vulnerabilities through informal, interpersonal forms of care and solidarity, which bolsters identification with shared challenges and goals. Second, such solidarities can generate collective action that helps refugees carve out certain spaces of inclusion in a larger context of structural exclusion. Third, the network structure of these solidarities is shaped by existing policy regimes and social relationships in key ways.

关键词： Blood clotting   COVID-19   strong magnetic field   disassemble blood clots  

摘要： Blood clotting caused by COVID-19 has made this disease much more severe than other respiratory diseases. An alarming number of COVID-19 patients developed blood clots that trigger heart attack, stroke, and other disasters. Currently, blood thinner medicines are the only treatment. While blood thinners lower the blood's ability to clot, they cannot disassemble existing blood clots. Many patients were not helped by them. Here we report our finding: Strong magnetic field can disassemble blood clots safely and effectively. This is attributed to the magnetic property of red cells and their unique disk shape. Hence, we have proposed a new treatment for patients with thrombosis: applying a strong magnetic field along the patients' arm or leg. When the blood clots come to the magnetic field, they are disassembled safely; red cells recover their oxygen function; the blood viscosity along the flow direction is reduced, turbulence in blood circulation is suppressed, and the incidence of heart attack and stroke can be prevented. With thrombosis occurring in COVID-19 patients, the magnetic treatment will resolve this urgent issue and greatly help the patients to recover.

关键词： TWITTER  

摘要： We propose a method to estimate the household secondary attack rate (hSAR) of COVID-19 in the United Kingdom based on activity on the social media platform X, formerly known as Twitter. Conventional methods of hSAR estimation are resource intensive, requiring regular contact tracing of COVID-19 cases. Our proposed framework provides a complementary method that does not rely on conventional contact tracing or laboratory involvement, including the collection, processing, and analysis of biological samples. We use a text classifier to identify reports of people tweeting about themselves and/or members of their household having COVID-19 infections. A probabilistic analysis is then performed to estimate the hSAR based on the number of self or household, and self and household tweets of COVID-19 infection. The analysis includes adjustments for a reluctance of Twitter users to tweet about household members, and the possibility that the secondary infection was not acquired within the household. Experimental results for the UK, both monthly and weekly, are reported for the period from January 2020 to February 2022. Our results agree with previously reported hSAR estimates, varying with the primary variants of concern, e.g. delta and omicron. The serial interval (SI) is based on the time between the two tweets that indicate a primary and secondary infection. Experimental results, though larger than the consensus, are qualitatively similar. The estimation of hSAR and SI using social media data constitutes a new tool that may help in characterizing, forecasting and managing outbreaks and pandemics in a faster, affordable, and more efficient manner.

摘要： Während der COVID-19-Pandemie nahmen weniger strukturierte Lernsituationen zu Hause für Schülerinnen und Schüler situativ und zeitlich zu. Unklar ist bisher, wie Grundschülerinnen und Grundschüler in diesen Phasen ihr selbstreguliertes Lernen einschätzten. Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage wurden im Rahmen einer querschnittlich-quantitativen Studie Daten von N = 204 Grundschülerinnen und Grundschülern erhoben. Die Ergebnisse aus t‑Tests und Regressionsanalysen zeigen, dass sich die befragten Schülerinnen und Schüler zu Hause als konzentrierter und selbstregulierter lernend als in der Schule wahrnehmen. Zudem sind die wahrgenommene Konzentration und die wahrgenommene häusliche Unterstützung für das selbstregulierte Lernen zu Hause relevant. Gründe für diese Ergebnisse sowie Konsequenzen für die Aus- und Fortbildung von Lehrkräften werden diskutiert.

关键词： Criminal justice   Serious mental illness (SMI)   Telemedicine   Community mental health centers   Mental health   Treatment   Childcare   Transportation   Qualitative   Confidentiality   DISASTER VICTIMS SPEAK   IMPACT  

摘要： BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated existing mental health challenges and introduced new ones, particularly among vulnerable populations such as individuals within the criminal justice system, who disproportionately experienced employment, financial, and housing issues. As mandatory lockdowns and social distancing mandates were implemented, the United States saw unprecedented interruptions to treatment. Telemedicine emerged as a transformative tool in alleviating new and existing treatment barriers. Yet, limited empirical research has examined the impact and implications of telemedicine on mental health treatment in criminal justice *** timing of this study's data collection overlapped with the spread of COVID-19 in the United States and provided a unique opportunity to examine the impact of telemedicine as part of a natural experiment. Utilizing interviews with 61 community mental health center service providers, this study qualitatively examined service providers' experiences in treating criminal justice-involved individuals with serious mental illness who were receiving mental health treatment through *** providers expressed satisfaction with telemedicine in addressing client transportation and childcare barriers while increasing engagement. Service providers voiced new concerns regarding clients' confidentiality, digital literacy, and limitations to gathering non-verbal client information during virtual *** health treatment offered through telemedicine mitigates barriers to treatment that disproportionately affect criminal justice clients. Despite its benefits, challenges like access to reliable internet and to internet-enabled devices, confidentiality concerns, and information gathering must be addressed to achieve optimal and equitable mental health treatment through telemedicine. The findings support the continued use of telemedicine in mental health treatment delivery for this populat

关键词： WOMEN   ACCEPTANCE  

摘要： Uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine among pregnant persons is lower than the general population. This scoping review explored pregnant people's attitudes towards the COVID-19 vaccine, reasons for vaccine hesitancy, and whether attitudes about COVID-19 vaccines differ by country of origin. A scoping review was conducted across PubMed, Embase, CINHAL, and Scopus. Inclusion criteria were articles published in English from 2019-2022 focused on attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant persons. Data analysis was done via the 5Cs framework for vaccine hesitancy: Constraints, Complacency, Calculation, Confidence, and Collective Responsibility. 44 articles were extracted. A lack of confidence in vaccine safety was the most prevalent theme of hesitancy among pregnant persons. This was largely driven by a lack of access to information about the vaccine as well as mistrust of the vaccine and medical professionals. Meanwhile, vaccine acceptance was mostly driven by a desire to protect themselves and their loved ones. Overall, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among pregnant persons continues to be high. Vaccine hesitancy is primarily driven by fear of the unknown side effects of the vaccine on pregnant persons and their fetuses along with a lack of information and medical mistrust. Some differences can be seen between high income and low- and middle-income countries regarding vaccine hesitancy, showing that a single solution cannot be applied to all who are vaccine hesitant. General strategies, however, can be utilized to reduce vaccine hesitancy, including advocating for inclusion of pregnant persons in clinical trials and incorporating consistent COVID-19 vaccine counseling during prenatal appointments.

关键词： COVID   Child   Omicron   Clinical severity  

摘要： Objectives This multicentre cohort study describes Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) children hospitalised during the country's first wave of sustained SARS-CoV-2 transmission, Omicron variant. Methods Children under 16 years of age, hospitalised for more than six hours with COVID-19 across NZ January to May 2022 were included. Admissions for all Māori and Pacific, and every second non-Maori non-Pacific (NMNP) child were selected to support equal explanatory power for ethnic grouping. Attribution of hospital admission, demography, clinical presentation, comorbidity, treatment and outcome data were collected. Results Of 444 hospitalisations of children positive for COVID-19, 292 (65·5%) from 290 children were considered admissions attributable to COVID-19. Of these admissions, 126 (43·4%) were aged under one; and 118 (40·7%), 99 (34·1%) and 87 (30·0%) were in children of Māori, Pacific and NMNP ethnicity, respectively. Underlying respiratory disease was the most common co-morbidity, present in 22 children (7·6%); 16 children (5·5%) were immunosuppressed. Median length of stay was one day (IQR 0.0-2.0). Four children received antiviral, 69 (24%) antibacterials and 24 (8%) supplemental oxygen. Whilst 8 children required intensive care, there were no deaths. Conclusion Children hospitalised during the first significant wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection in NZ presented with a multi-system viral illness and rarely with severe disease.