关键词： COVID-19   SARS-CoV-2   immunocompromised patients   solid organ transplantation   HIV   vaccine   monoclonal antibody  

关键词： MULTIPLE-CAUSE   MORTALITY   OUTCOMES   IMPACT  

摘要： Objective In Central Europe, the increase in mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic exceeded the number of deaths registered due to coronavirus disease. Excess deaths reported to causes other than COVID-19 may have been due to unrecognised coronavirus disease, the interruptions in care in the overwhelmed health care facilities, or socioeconomic effects of the pandemic and lockdowns. Death certificates provide exhaustive medical information, allowing us to assess the extent of unrecognised COVID-19 *** and methods Data from 187,300 death certificates with a COVID-19 mention from Austria, Bavaria (Germany), Czechia, Lithuania and Poland, 2020-2021, was used. The two step analysis uses Cause of Death Association Indicators (CDAIs) and Contributing CDAIs to identify and measure the statistical strength of associations between COVID-19 and all other medical *** 15,700 deaths were reported with COVID-19 only as a contributing condition (comorbidity). In three cases out of four, a typical, statistically significant coronavirus complication or pre-existing condition was registered as the underlying causes of death. In Austria, Bavaria, Czechia and Lithuania the scale of COVID-19 mortality would have been up to 18-27% higher had COVID-19 been coded as the underlying cause of death. Unrecognised coronavirus deaths were equivalent to the entire surplus of excess mortality beyond registered COVID-19 deaths in Austria and the Czech Republic, and its large proportion (25-31%) in Lithuania and *** Death certificates with typical coronavirus complications or comorbidities as the underlying causes of death and contributing COVID-19 mentions were plausibly unrecognized coronavirus deaths.

关键词： Paediatric trauma   Epidemiology   COVID-19 pandemic   Children   PEDIATRIC TRAUMA   VISITS   STAY  

摘要： Introduction Trauma is the leading cause of paediatric mortality and morbidity. Stay-home regulations for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reportedly changed trauma severity, yet data from Hong Kong were lacking. This study examined Hong Kong's spectrum of paediatric trauma and addressed knowledge gaps concerning epidemiological changes during COVID-19. Methods Children with traumatic injuries who attended a tertiary trauma centre from January 2010 to March 2022 were included in this retrospective, cross-sectional study. We analysed demographic and clinical data and conducted unadjusted bivariate analyses of injury patterns before and after the pandemic. Results In total, 725 children attended the Accident and Emergency Department due to trauma, 585 before and 140 during COVID-19. The male-to-female ratio was 1.84:1. The 90-day trauma-related mortality was 0.7%. The overall Injury Severity Score was 3.52 +/- 5.95. The paediatric trauma incidence was similar before and after social-distancing policies (both 5.8 cases monthly). Gender, ISS distribution, intensive care unit stay length, and hospital stay length values were similar (p > 0.05). Trauma call activation (8.4% vs. 5.7%, p = 0.002) and road traffic accidents (10.6% vs. 5.7%, p = 0.009) significantly decreased, yet younger-patient injuries (< 10 years old; 85.7% vs. 71%, p < 0.001), burns (28% vs. 45.7%, p < 0.001), and domestic injuries (65.5% vs. 85.7%, p < 0.001) significantly increased. No significant self-harm, assault, or abuse increases were found. Conclusions The paediatric trauma incidences were similar before and during the pandemic. However, domestic and burn injuries significantly increased, highlighting the importance of injury prevention.

关键词： COVID-19   optic nerve   visual pathways   Mendelian randomization   lung-brain axis   MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION   INSTRUMENTS  

摘要： Purpose To investigate the potential causal association between COVID-19 exposure and optic nerve and visual pathway disorders through a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, and to provide empirical support for the lung-brain *** This MR analysis utilized publicly accessible summary-level data from genome-wide association studies on COVID-19 (n=158,783) and optic nerve and visual pathway diseases (n=412,181), primarily involving individuals of European descent. The random-effect inverse-variance weighted estimation was applied as the main analytical approach, complemented by MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode methods. The heterogeneity and pleiotropy of the instrumental variables were assessed using Cochran's Q test, leave-one-out sensitivity analysis, MR-Egger intercept test, MR-PRESSO, and funnel plot *** In the forward analysis, the inverse-variance weighted method identified a significant causal effect of COVID-19 on optic nerve and visual pathway disorders (odds ratio = 1.697, 95% confidence interval: 1.086-2.652, p = 0.020). Directionally consistent results were also observed with MR-Egger regression, weighted median, and weighted mode approaches. Conversely, the reverse analysis revealed no causal effects of optic nerve and visual pathway disorders on COVID-19 *** Our findings suggest that COVID-19 exposure may increase the risk of developing optic nerve and visual pathway disorders, supporting the lung-brain axis hypothesis. These results underscore the importance of vigilant monitoring of the visual system in patients recovering from COVID-19 and suggest potential avenues for future therapeutic strategies.

关键词： Emergency policing   COVID-19   Public trust   Ghana   PROCEDURAL JUSTICE   LEGITIMACY   CONFIDENCE   LAW   PERCEPTIONS   ATTITUDES  

摘要： PurposeThe COVID-19 pandemic provides researchers and practitioners with an opportunity to examine the effect of emergency policing on public trust in the police and augment our understanding. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to examine the effect of police enforcement of COVID-19 health measures on public trust in the police in ***/methodology/approachA multivariate binary logistic regression was utilized to assess the effect of police enforcement of COVID-19 health measures on public trust in the police in Ghana using national representative *** analysis suggests that emergency policing positively influences public trust in the police in Ghana. Additionally, we observed that police-related issues such as corruption and professionalism, as well as demographic factors of the public, influence trust in the police. These observations are helpful for emergency policing and policy development in ***/valueThis study is unique because it uses national representative data to assess the effect of police enforcement of COVID-19 health measures on public trust in the police in Ghana. Furthermore, this study is among the first or among the few from Ghana and the sub-region to examine the nexus between health emergencies and policing.

关键词： Public health policy interventions   Pandemic   Policy stringency index   COVID-19   Panel data   Health policy insights   Health governance   C33   H75   I18   UNIT-ROOT TESTS   NONPHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS   IMPACT   OUTBREAKS  

摘要： PurposeThe rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic upended societies across the world, with billions forced into lockdowns. As countries contemplated instating and rolling back lockdown measures, and considered the impact of pandemic fatigue on policy measures, and furthermore to prepare for the improved management of future pandemics, this study examines the effectiveness of policy measures in limiting the spread of infections and ***/methodology/approachThe methodological approach in the study centres on a fixed effects panel regression analysis and employs the COVID-19 Government Response Stringency Index, which comprises eight containment measures and three health campaigns, with progressive degrees of stringency, in order to investigate the efficacy of government *** suggest that some government policies were effective at reducing implicit mortality rates, infection cases and fatalities during the first four months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Solid stringency measures to reduce mortality rates include public gathering restrictions on more than 100 attendees, and international travel limits for developed countries and islands. Fatalities can further be reduced through the closing of public transport, whereas infection cases also experience benefits from public information campaigns. Comparable results are observed in a robustness test across 12 ***/valueSome non-pharmaceutical policies are shown to be more effective than others at reducing the spread of infections, fatalities and mortality rates, and support policymakers to manage future pandemics more effectively.

摘要： COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. As of now, millions of people have died as a result of the devastating COVID-19 outbreak. Vaccination can lessen the severity of COVID-19, even though there is no known cure for it. Here, we propose and develop a novel COVID-19 epidemiological vaccination model. Then, we find the disease-free and endemic equilibria for our proposed model and compute the basic reproduction number ( $$R_0$$ ). We discuss the sensitivity analysis to visualize the impact of different parameters mainly associated with vaccination. Through numerical simulation, it has been shown that increasing treatment and vaccination rates reduces the transmission and increases the recovery, respectively. By taking into account two control parameters—namely, those related to the disease’s rate of diagnosis and transmission—the suggested model is extended to an optimal control problem. It has been observed that both control parameters have a significant impact on limiting the spread of COVID-19. The main goal of this study is to find out how vaccination, when compared to no vaccination, can reduce the spread of disease.

关键词： COVID-19 pandemic   Health systems   Health investments   Health policy   Public health   Governance   Resilience   Pandemic crisis   Health emergencies   FATALITY RATES   INTERVENTIONS   TRANSMISSION   DRIVERS   FACE  

摘要： Purpose - The investigation goal is the analysis of the relation between healthcare expenditures and other resources, and COVID-19 fatality rates among European countries to design effective health policies for crisis management. Design/methodology/approach - Research methodology is based on descriptive statistics and various parametric methods, also including a linear model of regression to analyze basic relationships of variables under study. Findings - Results show that a lower COVID-19 fatality rate is associated with higher levels of health expenditure (% GDP), of healthcare expenditure per capita, health expenditure in preventive care (% GDP), hospitals per million inhabitants, physicians, nurses, hospital beds and curative acute care beds per 1,000 inhabitants. Regression analysis shows that a 1% increase in healthcare expenditures per capita of countries, it reduces the level of COVID-19 fatality rate by 0.74%. In fact, many countries in Eastern Europe with low healthcare expenditures per capita in 2019 (e.g., Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Poland, Latvia, Slovakia, Lithuania, etc.), they have experienced high COVID-19 fatality rates. Instead, a lot of countries in Western Europe, with high healthcare expenditures per capita, such as Germany, Denmark, Austria, and the Netherlands, they had resilient health systems to face pandemic crisis and lower COVID-19 fatality rates. Practical implications - These findings suggest strategies of systematic and continuous investments in healthcare, medical technologies, and ICT infrastructures to support effective health policy of crisis management in countries to face future pandemic crisis and other emergencies in society. Originality/value - The explanation of critical role of high health expenditure (% GDP) and healthcare expenditure per capita to support robust health systems that bolster the resilience in nations to face health emergencies and worldwide crises.

关键词： Corporate communication about eco-friendly products   Social media   Traditional media   Self-efficacy   Success expectancy   Environmental values co-creation intentions   BEHAVIOR   IMPACT  

摘要： PurposeThe paper examined the impact of corporate communication about eco-friendly products on social media (CSM) and conventional media (CCM) on individuals/buyers' intent for co-creating environmental values (ICEV) post-Coronavirus pandemic in ***/methodology/approachData were gathered from 561 individuals/buyers, via cross-sectional sampling in Bandung city, Indonesia. Next, this study used structural equation modelling to assess the theoretical model and hypothetical *** factors, i.e. CCM and CSM, positively and significantly affect ***/valueThe paper is an original attempt to assess the impact of corporate communication about eco-friendly products on media toward ICEV in Indonesia's post-Coronavirus pandemic. Besides, it is an initial effort to create the notions of success expectancy and self-efficacy and analyse whether these two concepts can become factors that mediate the effects of corporate CCM and CSM on buyers' ICEV. This paper also develops ICEV to expand social cognitive theory from the perspective of co-creating environmental values.

摘要： This paper explores the intersection of the impacts of COVID-19 on women and girls in humanitarian settings with the necessity of incorporating female perspectives in decision-making roles within multilateral institutions delivering humanitarian aid. Women remain underrepresented in leadership positions in these multilateral institutions. However, increased female participation in leadership roles is linked to greater consideration of women’s needs in humanitarian response plans, thereby promoting gender-sensitive recovery efforts. Given COVID-19’s exacerbation of preexisting gender disparities in fragile settings, gender-responsive relief measures are crucial in humanitarian contexts. With the rising demand for humanitarian aid, prioritizing gender-sensitive and inclusive responses is essential for fostering an equitable and resilient post-COVID-19 future.